This chapter begins with some general information about booting Debian GNU/Linux, then moves to individual sections on particular installation methods, and concludes with some troubleshooting advice.
Boot parameters are Linux kernel parameters which are generally used to make sure that peripherals are dealt with properly. For the most part, the kernel can auto-detect information about your peripherals. However, in some cases you'll have to help the kernel a bit.
Full information on boot parameters can be found in the Linux BootPrompt
HOWTO; this section contains only a sketch of the most salient
parameters.
If this is the first time you're booting the system, try the default boot parameters (i.e., don't try setting arguments) and see if it works correctly. It probably will. If not, you can reboot later and look for any special parameters that inform the system about your hardware.
When the kernel boots, a message Memory: availk/totalk available should be emitted early in the process. total should match the total amount of RAM, in kilobytes. If this doesn't match the actual of RAM you have installed, you need to use the mem=ram parameter, where ram is set to the amount of memory, suffixed with ``k'' for kilobytes, or ``m'' for megabytes. For example, both mem=65536k and mem=64m mean 64MB of RAM.
If you have a PowerMac with an IDE drive, and you receive wierd kernel error
messages when accessing your hard drive, you might be ticking a bug in the
kernel when using IDE drives on your hardware. Try using the following boot
argument, assuming your IDE drive is /dev/hda:
hda=noautotune.
If your monitor is only capable of black-and-white, use the mono boot argument. Otherwise, your installation will use color, which is the default.
If you are booting with a serial console, generally the kernel will autodetect this. If you have a videocard (framebuffer) and a keyboard also attached to the computer which you wish to boot via serial console, you may have to pass the console=device argument to the kernel, where device is your serial device, which is usually something like ``ttyS0''.
Again, full details on boot parameters can be found in the Linux BootPrompt
HOWTO, including tips for obscure hardware. Some common gotchas are
included below in Troubleshooting the Boot
Process, Section 6.6.
The installation system recognizes a few arguments which may be useful.
During the boot sequence, you may see many messages in the form can't find something, or something not present, can't initialize something, or even this driver release depends on something. Most of these messages are harmless. You see them because the kernel for the installation system is built to run on computers with many different peripheral devices. Obviously, no one computer will have every possible peripheral device, so the operating system may emit a few complaints while it looks for peripherals you don't own. You may also see the system pause for a while. This happens when it is waiting for a device to respond, and that device is not present on your system. If you find the time it takes to boot the system unacceptably long, you can create a custom kernel later (see Compiling a New Kernel, Section 8.4).
In some cases, you may wish to boot from an existing operating system. You can also boot into the installation system using other means, but install the base system from disk.
You can use an HFS drive to store the installation files. Currently, Linux can not access files on an HFS+ drive.
You can install Debian from an ext2fs partition or from a Minix partition. This installation technique may be appropriate if you are completely replacing your current Linux system with Debian, for instance.
Note that the partition you are installing from should not be the same
as the partitions you are installing Debian to (e.g., /,
/usr, /lib, etc.).
To install from an already existing Linux partition, follow these instructions.
http://http.us.debian.org/debian/dists/potato/main/disks-powerpc/current/base2_2.tgz
dbootstrap for
Initial System Configuration, Chapter 7.
If you have a CD which is bootable, and if your architecture and system supports booting from a CD-ROM, you don't need any floppies. Often, it's as simple as puting the CD-ROM in the CD drive and booting. Currently, the only PowerPC subarchitectures that support CD-ROM booting are PReP and New World PowerMacs.
Even if you cannot boot from CD-ROM, you can install the base Debian system from CD-ROM. Simply boot using a different media, such as floppies. When it is time to install the base system and any additional packages, point the installation system at the CD-ROM drive as described in ``Install the Base System'', Section 7.15.
You need to setup a RARP server, a BOOTP server and a TFTP server.
The Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) is one way to tell your client what IP address to use for itself. Another way is to use the BOOTP protocol. BOOTP is an IP protocol that informs a computer of its IP address and where on the network to obtain a boot image.
The Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) is used to serve the boot image to the client. Theoretically, any server, on any platform, which implements these protocols, may be used. In the examples in this section, we shall provide commands for SunOS 4.x, SunOS 5.x (a.k.a. Solaris), and GNU/Linux.
To setup RARP, you need to know the Ethernet address of the client (a.k.a. the MAC address). If you don't know this information, you can boot into ``Rescue'' mode (e.g., from the Rescue Floppy) and use the command /sbin/ifconfig eth0.
In GNU/Linux you need to populate the kernel's RARP table. To do this execute
/sbin/rarp -s client-hostname client-enet-addr
/usr/sbin/arp -s client-ip client-enet-addr
If you get SIOCSRARP: Invalid argument you probably need to load the rarp kernel module or else recompile the kernel to support RARP. Try modprobe rarp and then try the rarp command again.
Under SunOS, you need to ensure that the Ethernet hardware address for the
client is listed in the ``ethers'' database (either in the
/etc/ethers file, or via NIS/NIS+) and in the ``hosts'' database.
Then you need to start the RARP daemon. In SunOS 4, issue the command (as
root): /usr/etc/rarpd -a; in SunOS 5, use /usr/sbin/rarpd
-a.
There are two BOOTP servers available for GNU/Linux, the CMU bootpd and the ISC
dhcpd, which are contained in the bootp and dhcp
packages on Debian GNU/Linux.
To use CMU bootpd, you must first uncomment (or add) the relevant line in
/etc/inetd.conf. On Debian GNU/Linux, you can run
update-inetd --enable bootps, then /etc/init.d/inetd
reload to do so. Elsewhere, the line in question should look like:
bootps dgram udp wait root /usr/sbin/bootpd bootpd -i -t 120
Now, you must create an /etc/bootptab file. This has the same
sort of familiar and cryptic format as the good old BSD
printcap(5), termcap(5), and disktab(5)
files. See the bootptab(5) manual page for more information. For
CMU bootpd, you will need to know the hardware (MAC) address of the client.
By contrast, setting up BOOTP with ISC dhcpd is really easy,
because it treats BOOTP clients as a moderately special case of DHCP clients.
You don't really need to know the hardware (MAC) address of the client unless
you wish to specify some options such as boot image filename or NFS root path
on a client-by-client basis, or unless you wish to assign fixed addresses to
your machines using BOOTP and/or DHCP. Simply add the allow bootp
directive to the configuration block for the subnet containing the client, and
restart dhcpd with /etc/init.d/dhcpd restart.
To get the TFTP server ready to go, you should first make sure that
tftpd is enabled. This is usually enabled by having the following
line in /etc/inetd.conf:
tftp dgram udp wait root /usr/etc/in.tftpd in.tftpd /tftpboot
Look in that file and remember the directory which is used as the argument of
in.tftpd; you'll need that below. The -l argument
enables some versions of in.tftpd to log all requests to the
system logs; this is useful for diagnosing boot errors. If you've had to
change /etc/inetd.conf, you'll have to notify the running
inetd process that the file has changed. On a Debian machine, run
/etc/init.d/netbase reload (for potato/2.2 and newer systems use
/etc/init.d/inetd reload); on other machines, find out the process
ID for inetd, and run kill -HUP inetd-pid.
Next, place the TFTP boot image you need, as found in Description of Installation
System Files, Section 5.4, in the tftpd boot image directory.
Generally, this directory will be /tftpboot. Next you'll have to
make a link from that file to the file which tftpd will use for
booting a particular client. Unfortunately, the file name is determined by the
TFTP client, and there are no strong standards.
Often, the file that the TFTP client will look for is
client-ip-in-hexclient-architecture. To compute
client-ip-in-hex, take each byte of the client IP address and
translate it into hexadecimal notation. If you have a machine handy with the
bc program, you can use the program. First issue the
obase=16 command to set the output to hex, then enter the
individual components of the client IP one at a time. As for
client-architecture, try out some values.
Once you've determined the name, make the link like this: ln /boot/tftpboot.img /boot/file-name.
Now you should be ready to actually boot your system. On machines with Open Firmware, such as NewWorld Power Macs, enter the boot monitor (see Invoking OpenFirmware, Section 3.3.1) and use the command boot enet. PReP and CHRP boxes may have different ways of addressing the network. More information from users with those machines is requested. On a PReP machine, you should try boot server_ipaddr,file,client_ipaddr.
NOT YET WRITTEN
It is closer to "tftp install for lowmem..." because you don't want to load the ramdisk anymore but boot from the newly created nfs-root fs. You then need to replace the symlink to the tftpboot image by a symlink to the kernel image (eg. linux-a.out). My experience on booting over the network was based exclusively on RARP/TFTP which requires all daemons running on the same server (the sparc workstation is sending a tftp request back to the server that replied to its previous rarp request). However, Linux supports BOOTP protocol, too, but I don't know how to set it up :-(( Does it have to be documented as well in this manual?
If you have problems and the kernel hangs during the boot process, doesn't recognize peripherals you actually have, or drives are not recognized properly, the first thing to check is the boot parameters, as discussed in Boot Parameter Arguments, Section 6.1.
Often, problems can be solved by removing add-ons and peripherals, and then trying booting again.
If you still have problems, please submit a bug report. Send an email to
submit@bugs.debian.org. You
must include the following as the first lines of the email:
Package: boot-floppies
Version: version
Make sure you fill in version with the version of the boot-floppies set that you used. If you don't know the version, use the date you downloaded the floppies, and include the distribution you got them from (e.g., ``stable'', ``frozen'').
You should also include the following information in your bug report:
architecture: powerpc
model: your general hardware vendor and model
memory: amount of RAM
scsi: SCSI host adapter, if any
cd-rom: CD-ROM model and interface type, e.g., ATAPI
network card: network interface card, if any
pcmcia: details of any PCMCIA devices
Depending on the nature of the bug, it also might be useful to report whether you are installing to IDE or SCSI disks, other peripheral devices such as audio, disk capacity, and the model of video card.
In the bug report, describe what the problem is, including the last visible kernel messages in the event of a kernel hang. Describe the steps that you did which brought the system into the problem state.