Network Working Group H. Moustafa
Request for Comments: 5713 France Telecom
Category: Informational H. Tschofenig
Nokia Siemens Networks
S. De Cnodder
Alcatel-Lucent
December 2009
Security Threats and Security Requirements for the
Access Node Control Protocol (ANCP)
Abstract
The Access Node Control Protocol (ANCP) aims to communicate Quality
of Service (QoS)-related, service-related, and subscriber-related
configurations and operations between a Network Access Server (NAS)
and an Access Node (e.g., a Digital Subscriber Line Access
Multiplexer (DSLAM)). The main goal of this protocol is to allow the
NAS to configure, manage, and control access equipment, including the
ability for the Access Nodes to report information to the NAS.
This present document investigates security threats that all ANCP
nodes could encounter. This document develops a threat model for
ANCP security, with the aim of deciding which security functions are
required. Based on this, security requirements regarding the Access
Node Control Protocol are defined.
Status of This Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this
memo is unlimited.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. Specification Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. System Overview and Threat Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Objectives of Attackers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5. Potential Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.1. Denial of Service (DoS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
5.2. Integrity Violation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.3. Downgrading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.4. Traffic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5.5. Management Attacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6. Attack Forms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
7. Attacks against ANCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
7.1. Dynamic Access-Loop Attributes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7.2. Access-Loop Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
7.3. Remote Connectivity Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7.4. Multicast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8. Security Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
9. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
10. Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
11. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
11.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
11.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1. Introduction
The Access Node Control Protocol (ANCP) aims to communicate QoS-
related, service-related, and subscriber-related configurations and
operations between a Network Access Server (NAS) and an Access Node
(e.g., a Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM)).
[ANCP-FRAME] illustrates the framework, usage scenarios, and general
requirements for ANCP. This document focuses on describing security
threats and deriving security requirements for the Access Node
Control Protocol, considering the ANCP use cases defined in
[ANCP-FRAME] as well as the guidelines for IETF protocols' security
requirements given in [RFC3365]. Section 5 and Section 6,
respectively, describe the potential attacks and the different attack
forms that are liable to take place within ANCP, while Section 7
applies the described potential attacks to ANCP and its different use
cases. Security policy negotiation, including authentication and
authorization to define the per-subscriber policy at the policy/AAA
(Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting) server, is out of the
scope of this work. As a high-level summary, the following aspects
need to be considered:
Message Protection:
Signaling message content can be protected against eavesdropping,
modification, injection, and replay while in transit. This
applies to both ANCP headers and payloads.
Prevention against Impersonation:
It is important that protection be available against a device
impersonating an ANCP node (i.e., an unauthorized device
generating an ANCP message and pretending it was generated by a
valid ANCP node).
Prevention of Denial-of-Service Attacks:
ANCP nodes and the network have finite resources (state storage,
processing power, bandwidth). It is important to protect against
exhaustion attacks on these resources and to prevent ANCP nodes
from being used to launch attacks on other network elements.
2. Specification Requirements
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119], with the
qualification that, unless otherwise stated, they apply to the design
of the Access Node Control Protocol (ANCP), not its implementation or
application.
The relevant components are described in Section 3.
3. System Overview and Threat Model
As described in [ANCP-FRAME] and schematically shown in Figure 1, the
Access Node Control system consists of the following components:
Network Access Server (NAS):
A NAS provides access to a service (e.g., network access) and
operates as a client of the AAA protocol. The AAA client is
responsible for passing authentication information to designated
AAA servers and then acting on the response that is returned.
Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) server:
A AAA server is responsible for authenticating users, authorizing
access to services, and returning authorization information
(including configuration parameters) back to the AAA client to
deliver service to the user. As a consequence, service usage
accounting might be enabled and information about the user's
resource usage will be sent to the AAA server.
Access Node (AN):
The AN is a network device, usually located at a service provider
central office or street cabinet, that terminates access-loop
connections from subscribers. In case the access loop is a
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), this is often referred to as a DSL
Access Multiplexer (DSLAM).
Customer Premises Equipment (CPE):
A CPE is a device located inside a subscriber's premise that is
connected at the LAN side of the Home Gateway (HGW).
Home Gateway (HGW):
The HGW connects the different Customer Premises Equipments (CPEs)
to the Access Node and the access network. In case of DSL, the
HGW is a DSL Network Termination (NT) that could either operate as
a layer 2 bridge or as a layer 3 router. In the latter case, such
a device is also referred to as a Routing Gateway (RG).
Aggregation Network:
The aggregation network provides traffic aggregation from multiple
ANs towards the NAS. ATM or Ethernet transport technologies can
be used.
For the threat analysis, this document focuses on the ANCP
communication between the Access Node and the NAS. However,
communications with the other components (such as HGW, CPE, and the
AAA server) play a role in the understanding of the system
architecture and of what triggers ANCP communications. Note that the
NAS and the AN might belong to two different administrative realms.
The threat model and the security requirements in this document
consider this latter case.
+--------+
| AAA |
| Server |
+--------+
|
|
+---+ +---+ +------+ +-----------+ +-----+ +--------+
|CPE|---|HGW|---| | |Aggregation| | | | |
+---+ +---+ |Access| | Network | | | |Internet|
| Node |----| |----| NAS |---| / |
+---+ +---+ | (AN) | | | | | |Regional|
|CPE|---|HGW|---| | | | | | |Network |
+---+ +---+ +------+ +-----------+ +-----+ +--------+
Figure 1: System Overview
In the absence of an attack, the NAS receives configuration
information from the AAA server related to a CPE attempting to access
the network. A number of parameters, including Quality of Service
information, need to be conveyed to the Access Node in order to
become effective. The Access Node Control Protocol is executed
between the NAS and the AN to initiate control requests. The AN
returns responses to these control requests and provides information
reports.
For this to happen, the following individual steps must occur:
o The AN discovers the NAS.
o The AN needs to start the protocol communication with the NAS to
announce its presence.
o The AN and the NAS perform a capability exchange.
o The NAS sends requests to the AN.
o The AN processes these requests, authorizes the actions, and
responds with the appropriate answer. In order to fulfill the
commands, it might be necessary for the AN to communicate with the
HGW or other nodes, for example, as part of a keep-alive
mechanism.
o The AN provides status reports to the NAS.
Attackers can be:
o off-path, i.e., they cannot see the messages exchanged between the
AN and the NAS;
o on-path, i.e., they can see the messages exchanged between the AN
and the NAS.
Both off-path and on-path attackers can be:
o passive, i.e., they do not participate in the network operation
but rather listen to all transfers to obtain the maximum possible
information;
o active, i.e., they participate in the network operation and can
inject falsified packets.
We assume the following threat model:
o An off-path adversary located at the CPE or the HGW.
o An off-path adversary located on the Internet or a regional
network that connects one or more NASes and associated access
networks to Network Service Providers (NSPs) and Application
Service Providers (ASPs).
o An on-path adversary located at network elements between the AN
and the NAS.
o An on-path adversary taking control over the NAS.
o An on-path adversary taking control over the AN.
4. Objectives of Attackers
Attackers may direct their efforts either against an individual
entity or against a large portion of the access network. Attacks
fall into three classes:
o Attacks to disrupt the communication for individual customers.
o Attacks to disrupt the communication of a large fraction of
customers in an access network. These also include attacks to the
network itself or a portion of it, such as attacks to disrupt the
network services or attacks to destruct the network functioning.
o Attacks to gain profit for the attacker through modifying the QoS
settings. Also, through replaying old packets (of another
privileged client, for instance), an attacker can attempt to
configure a better QoS profile on its own DSL line, increasing its
own benefit.
5. Potential Attacks
This section discusses the different types of attacks against ANCP,
while Section 6 describes the possible means of their occurrence.
ANCP is mainly susceptible to the following types of attacks:
5.1. Denial of Service (DoS)
A number of denial-of-service (DoS) attacks can cause ANCP nodes to
malfunction. When state is established or certain functions are
performed without requiring prior authorization, there is a chance to
mount denial-of-service attacks. An adversary can utilize this fact
to transmit a large number of signaling messages to allocate state at
nodes and to cause consumption of resources. Also, an adversary,
through DoS, can prevent certain subscribers from accessing certain
services. Moreover, DoS can take place at the AN or the NAS
themselves, where it is possible for the NAS (or the AN) to
intentionally ignore the requests received from the AN (or the NAS)
through not replying to them. This causes the sender of the request
to retransmit the request, which might allocate additional state at
the sender side to process the reply. Allocating more state may
result in memory depletion.
5.2. Integrity Violation
Adversaries gaining illegitimate access on the transferred messages
can act on these messages, causing integrity violation. Integrity
violation can cause unexpected network behavior, leading to a
disturbance in the network services as well as in the network
functioning.
5.3. Downgrading
Protocols may be useful in a variety of scenarios with different
security and functional requirements. Different parts of a network
(e.g., within a building, across a public carrier's network, or over
a private microwave link) may need different levels of protection.
It is often difficult to meet these (sometimes conflicting)
requirements with a single mechanism or fixed set of parameters;
thus, often a selection of mechanisms and parameters is offered. A
protocol is required to agree on certain (security) mechanisms and
parameters. An insecure parameter exchange or security negotiation
protocol can give an adversary the opportunity to mount a downgrading
attack to force selection of mechanisms weaker than those mutually
desired. Thus, without binding the negotiation process to the
legitimate parties and protecting it, ANCP might only be as secure as
the weakest mechanism provided (e.g., weak authentication) and the
benefits of defining configuration parameters and a negotiation
protocol are lost.
5.4. Traffic Analysis
An adversary can be placed at the NAS, the AN, or any other network
element capturing all traversing packets. Adversaries can thus have
unauthorized information access. As well, they can gather
information relevant to the network and then use this information in
gaining later unauthorized access. This attack can also help
adversaries in other malicious purposes -- for example, capturing
messages sent from the AN to the NAS announcing that a DSL line is up
and containing some information related to the connected client.
This could be any form of information about the client and could also
be an indicator of whether or not the DSL subscriber is at home at a
particular moment.
5.5. Management Attacks
Since the ANCP sessions are configured in the AN and not in the NAS
[ANCP-FRAME], most configurations of ANCP are done in the AN.
Consequently, the management attacks to ANCP mainly concern the AN
configuration phase. In this context, the AN MIB module could create
disclosure- and misconfiguration-related attacks. [ANCP-MIB] defines
the vulnerabilities on the management objects within the AN MIB
module. These attacks mainly concern the unauthorized changes of the
management objects, leading to a number of attacks such as session
deletion, a session using an undesired/unsupported protocol,
disabling certain ANCP capabilities or enabling undesired
capabilities, ANCP packets being sent out to the wrong interface (and
thus being received by an unintended receiver), harming the
synchronization between the AN and the NAS, and impacting traffic in
the network other than ANCP.
6. Attack Forms
The attacks mentioned above in Section 5 can be carried out through
the following means:
Message Replay:
This threat scenario covers the case in which an adversary
eavesdrops, collects signaling messages, and replays them at a
later time (or at a different place or in a different way; e.g.,
cut-and-paste attacks). Through replaying signaling messages, an
adversary might mount denial-of-service and theft-of-service
attacks.
Faked Message Injection:
An adversary may be able to inject false error or response
messages, causing unexpected protocol behavior and succeeding with
a DoS attack. This could be achieved at the signaling-protocol
level, at the level of specific signaling parameters (e.g., QoS
information), or at the transport layer. An adversary might, for
example, inject a signaling message to request allocation of QoS
resources. As a consequence, other users' traffic might be
impacted. The discovery protocol, especially, exhibits
vulnerabilities with regard to this threat scenario.
Messages Modification:
This involves integrity violation, where an adversary can modify
signaling messages in order to cause unexpected network behavior.
Possible related actions an adversary might consider for its
attack are the reordering and delaying of messages, causing a
protocol's process failure.
Man-in-the-Middle:
An adversary might claim to be a NAS or an AN, acting as a man-in-
the-middle to later cause communication and services disruption.
The consequence can range from DoS to fraud. An adversary acting
as a man-in-the-middle could modify the intercepted messages,
causing integrity violation, or could drop or truncate the
intercepted messages, causing DoS and a protocol's process
failure. In addition, a man-in-the-middle adversary can signal
information to an illegitimate entity in place of the right
destination. In this case, the protocol could appear to continue
working correctly. This may result in an AN contacting a wrong
NAS. For the AN, this could mean that the protocol failed for
unknown reasons. A man-in-the-middle adversary can also cause
downgrading attacks through initiating faked configuration
parameters and through forcing selection of weak security
parameters or mechanisms.
Eavesdropping:
This is related to adversaries that are able to eavesdrop on
transferred messages. The collection of the transferred packets
by an adversary may allow traffic analysis or be used later to
mount replay attacks. The eavesdropper might learn QoS
parameters, communication patterns, policy rules for firewall
traversal, policy information, application identifiers, user
identities, NAT bindings, authorization objects, network
configuration, performance information, and more.
7. Attacks against ANCP
ANCP is susceptible to security threats, causing disruption/
unauthorized access to network services, manipulation of the
transferred data, and interference with network functions. Based on
the threat model given in Section 3 and the potential attacks
presented in Section 5, this section describes the possible attacks
against ANCP, considering the four use cases defined in [ANCP-FRAME].
Although ANCP is not involved in the communication between the NAS
and the AAA/policy server, the secure communication between the NAS
and the AAA/policy server is important for ANCP security.
Consequently, this document considers the attacks that are related to
the ANCP operation associated with the communication between the NAS
and the AAA/Policy server. In other words, the threat model and
security requirements in this document take into consideration the
data transfer between the NAS and the AAA server, when this data is
used within the ANCP operation.
Besides the attacks against the four ANCP use cases described in the
following subsections, ANCP is susceptible to a number of attacks
that can take place during the protocol-establishment phase. These
attacks are mainly on-path attacks, taking the form of DoS or man-in-
the-middle attacks, which could be as follows:
o Attacks during the session initiation from the AN to the NAS:
DoS attacks could take place affecting the session-establishment
process. Also, man-in-the-middle attacks could take place,
causing message truncation or message modification and leading to
session-establishment failure.
o Attacks during the peering establishment:
DoS attacks could take place during state synchronization between
the AN and the NAS. Also, man-in-the-middle attacks could take
place through message modification during identity discovery,
which may lead to loss of contact between the AN and the NAS.
o Attacks during capabilities negotiation:
Message replay could take place, leading to DoS. Also, man-in-
the-middle attacks could take place, leading to message
modification, message truncation, or downgrading through
advertising lesser capabilities.
7.1. Dynamic Access-Loop Attributes
This use case concerns the communication of access-loop attributes
for dynamic, access-line topology discovery. Since the access-loop
rate may change over time, advertisement is beneficial to the NAS to
gain knowledge about the topology of the access network for QoS
scheduling. Besides data rates and access-loop links identification,
other information may also be transferred from the AN to the NAS
(examples in case of a DSL access loop are DSL type, maximum
achievable data rate, and maximum data rate configured for the access
loop). This use case is thus vulnerable to a number of on-path and
off-path attacks that can be either active or passive.
On-path attacks can take place between the AN and the NAS, on the AN
or on the NAS, during the access-loop attributes transfer. These
attacks may be:
o Active, acting on the transferred attributes and injecting
falsified packets. The main attacks here are:
* Man-in-the-middle attacks can cause access-loop attributes
transfer between the AN and a forged NAS or a forged AN and the
NAS, which can directly cause faked attributes and message
modification or truncation.
* Signaling replay, by an attacker between the AN and the NAS, on
the AN or on the NAS itself, causing DoS.
* An adversary acting as man-in-the-middle can cause downgrading
through changing the actual data rate of the access loop, which
impacts the downstream shaping from the NAS.
o Passive, only learning these attributes. The main attacks here
are caused by:
* Eavesdropping through learning access-loop attributes and
information about the clients' connection state, and thus
impacting their privacy protection.
* Traffic analysis allowing unauthorized information access,
which could allow later unauthorized access to the NAS.
Off-path attacks can take place on the Internet, affecting the
access-loop attribute sharing between the NAS and the policy AAA/policy
server. These attacks may be:
o Active attacks, which are mainly concerning:
* DoS through flooding the communication links to the policy AAA/policy
server, causing service disruption.
* Man-in-the-middle, causing access-loop configuration retrieval
by an illegitimate NAS.
o Passive attacks, gaining information on the access-loop
attributes. The main attacks in this case are:
* Eavesdropping through learning access-loop attributes and
learning information about the clients' connection states, and
thus impacting their privacy protection.
* Traffic analysis allowing unauthorized information access,
which could allow later unauthorized access to the NAS.
7.2. Access-Loop Configuration
This use case concerns the dynamic, local-loop line configuration
through allowing the NAS to change the access-loop parameters (e.g.,
rate) in a dynamic fashion. This allows for centralized, subscriber-
related service data. This dynamic configuration can be achieved,
for instance, through profiles that are pre-configured on ANs. This
use case is vulnerable to a number of on-path and off-path attacks.
On-path attacks can take place where the attacker is between the AN
and the NAS, is on the AN, or is on the NAS. These can be as
follows:
o Active attacks, taking the following forms:
* DoS attacks of the AN can take place by an attacker, through
replaying the Configure Request messages.
* An attacker on the AN can prevent the AN from reacting on the
NAS request for the access-loop configuration, leading to the
NAS continually sending the Configure Request message and,
hence, allocating additional states.
* Damaging clients' profiles at ANs can take place by hackers adversaries
that gained control on the network through discovery of users'
information from a previous traffic analysis.
* An adversary can replay old packets, modify messages, or inject
faked messages. Such adversary can also be a man-in-the-
middle. These attack forms can be related to a privileged
client profile (having more services) in order to configure
this profile on the adversary's own DSL line, which is less
privileged. In order that the attacker does not expose its
identity, he may also use these attack forms related to the
privileged client profile to configure a number of illegitimate
DSL lines. The adversary can also force configuration
parameters other than the selected ones, leading to, for
instance, downgrading the service for a privileged client.
o Passive attacks, where the attacker listens to the ANCP messages.
This can take place as follows:
* Learning configuration attributes is possible during the update
of the access-loop configuration. An adversary might profit to
see the configuration that someone else gets (e.g., one ISP
might be interested to know what the customers of another ISP
gets
get and therefore might break into the AN to see this).
Off-path attacks can take place as follows:
o An off-path passive adversary on the Internet can exert
eavesdropping during the access-loop configuration retrieval by
the NAS from the policy AAA/policy server.
o An off-path active adversary on the Internet can threaten the
centralized subscribers-related service data in the policy AAA/policy
server through, for instance, making subscribers' records
inaccessible.
7.3. Remote Connectivity Test
In this use case, the NAS can carry out a Remote Connectivity Test
using ANCP to initiate an access-loop test between the AN and the
HGW. Thus, multiple access-loop technologies can be supported. This
use case is vulnerable to a number of active attacks. Most of the
attacks in this use case concern the network operation.
On-path active attacks can take place in the following forms:
o Man-in-the-middle attack during the NAS's triggering to the AN to
carry out the test, where an adversary can inject falsified
signals or can truncate the triggering.
o Message modification can take place during the Subscriber Response
message transfer from the AN to the NAS announcing the test
results, causing failure of the test operation.
o An adversary on the AN can prevent the AN from sending the
Subscriber Response message to the NAS announcing the test
results, and hence the NAS will continue triggering the AN to
carry out the test, which results in more state being allocated at
the NAS. This may result in unavailability of the NAS to the ANs.
Off-path active attacks can take place as follows:
o An adversary can cause DoS during the access-loop test, in case of
an ATM-based access loop, when the AN generates loopback cells.
This can take place through signal replaying.
o Message truncating can take place by an adversary during the
access-loop test, which can lead to service disruption due to
assumption of test failures.
7.4. Multicast
In this use case, ANCP could be used in exchanging information
between the AN and the NAS, allowing the AN to perform replication
inline with the policy and configuration of the subscriber. Also,
this allows the NAS to follow subscribers' multicast (source, group)
membership and control replication performed by the AN. Four
multicast use cases are expected to take place, making use of ANCP;
these are typically multicast conditional access, multicast admission
control, multicast accounting, and spontaneous admission response.
This section gives a high-level description of the possible attacks
that can take place in these cases. Attacks that can occur are
mostly active attacks.
On-path active attacks can be as follows:
o DoS attacks, causing inability for certain subscribers to access
particular multicast streams or only access the multicast stream
at a reduced bandwidth, impacting the quality of the possible
video stream. This can take place through message replay by an
attacker between the AN and the NAS, on the AN or on the NAS.
Such DoS attacks can also be done by tempering, for instance, with
white/black list configuration or by placing attacks to the
bandwidth-admission-control mechanism.
o An adversary on the NAS can prevent the NAS from reacting on the
AN requests for white/black/grey lists or for admission control
for the access line. The AN in this case would not receive a
reply and would continue sending its requests, resulting in more
states being allocated at the AN. A similar case happens for
admission control when the NAS can also send requests to the AN.
When the NAS does not receive a response, it could also retransmit
requests, resulting in more state being allocated at the NAS side
to process responses. This may result in the unavailability of
the NAS to the ANs.
o Man-in-the-middle, causing the exchange of messages between the AN
and a forged NAS or a forged AN and the NAS. This can lead to the
following:
* Message modification, which can cause service downgrading for
legitimate subscribers -- for instance, an illegitimate change
of a subscriber's policy.
* Message truncation between the AN and the NAS, which can result
in the non-continuity of services.
* Message replay between the AN and the NAS, on the AN or on the
NAS, leading to a DoS or services fraud.
* Message modification to temper with accounting information, for
example, in order to avoid service charges or, conversely, in
order to artificially increase service charges on other users.
An off-path active attack is as follows:
o DoS could take place through message replay of join/leave requests
by the HGW or CPE, frequently triggering the ANCP activity between
the AN and the NAS. DoS could also result from generating heaps
of IGMP join/leaves by the HGW or CPE, leading to very high rate
of ANCP query/response.
8. Security Requirements
This section presents a number of requirements motivated by the
different types of attacks defined in the previous section. These
requirements are as follows:
o The protocol solution MUST offer authentication of the AN to the
NAS.
o The protocol solution MUST offer authentication of the NAS to the
AN.
o The protocol solution MUST allow authorization to take place at
the NAS and the AN.
o The protocol solution MUST offer replay protection.
o The protocol solution MUST provide data-origin authentication.
o The protocol solution MUST be robust against denial-of-service
(DoS) attacks. In this context, the protocol solution MUST
consider a specific mechanism for the DoS that the user might
create by sending many IGMP messages.
o The protocol solution SHOULD offer confidentiality protection.
o The protocol solution SHOULD ensure that operations in default
configuration guarantees a low level number of AN/NAS protocol
interactions.
o The protocol solution SHOULD ensure the access control of the
management objects and possibly encrypt the values of these
objects when sending them over the networks.
o The protocol solution SHOULD ensure the security of the management
channels.
9. Security Considerations
This document focuses on security threats, deriving a threat model
for ANCP and presenting the security requirements to be considered
for the design of ANCP.
10. Acknowledgments
Many thanks go to Francois Le Faucher for reviewing this document and
for all his useful comments. The authors would also like to thank
Philippe Niger, Curtis Sherbo, and Michael Busser for reviewing this
document. Other thanks go to Bharat Joshi, Mark Townsley, Wojciech
Dec, and Kim Hylgaard who have had valuable comments during the
development of this work.
11. References
11.1. Normative References
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997.
[RFC3365] Schiller, J., "Strong Security Requirements for
Internet Engineering Task Force Standard Protocols",
BCP 61, RFC 3365, August 2002.
11.2. Informative References
[ANCP-FRAME] Ooghe, S., Voigt, N., Platnic, M., Haag, T., and S.
Wadhwa, "Framework and Requirements for an Access Node
Control Mechanism in Broadband Multi-Service
Networks", Work in Progress, October 2009.
[ANCP-MIB] De Cnodder, S. and M. Morgenstern, "Access Node Control
Protocol (ANCP) MIB module for Access Nodes", Work
in Progress, July 2009.
Authors' Addresses
Hassnaa Moustafa
France Telecom
38-40 rue du General Leclerc
Issy Les Moulineaux, 92794 Cedex 9
France
EMail: hassnaa.moustafa@orange-ftgroup.com
Hannes Tschofenig
Nokia Siemens Networks
Linnoitustie 6
Espoo 02600
Finland
Phone: +358 (50) 4871445
EMail: Hannes.Tschofenig@gmx.net
URI: http://www.tschofenig.priv.at
Stefaan De Cnodder
Alcatel-Lucent
Copernicuslaan 50
B-2018 Antwerp,
Belgium
Phone: +32 3 240 85 15
EMail: stefaan.de_cnodder@alcatel-lucent.com